ABSTRACT
Plant secondary metabolites, present in the outer layers of fruits and vegetables in higher amounts, are structurally diverse and comprise different classes of phyto-constituents that have a number of health-promoting properties. Blanching is an important pre-treatment that is used to inactivate the enzymatic oxidation. Methods: This study was designed to investigate the effects of steam blanching (3, 5 and 7 min) and drying (50ºC) of custard apple (Annona squamosa) peel on the quantification of secondary metabolites and hypo-glycemic activity. Unblanched sample dried at 50ºC served as control. Quantitative tests for alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids were carried out for all samples and in vitro alpha amylase inhibition test was done to confirm the hypo-glycemic properties. All analyses were done in triplicates. Results: Quantitative results for alkaloids, tannins, saponins showed a significant reduction (p0.05). The exception was observed in the flavonoid content which showed a significant increase for 3 min and 5 min blanched samples, while the 7 min blanched sample showed a reduction in flavonoid content over the unblanched and fresh samples. Alpha amylase inhibition test similarly showed a decreasing trend for blanched samples ranging from IC50 value of 3.31 to 5.53 μg/mL compared to the unblanched with IC50 value of 4.92 μg/mL and fresh sample with IC50 value of 6.37μg/mL. Conclusion: From the study, it is inferred that steam blanching and drying have a significant impact on the quantification of secondary metabolites and subsequently on its hypo-glycemic activity. A steam blanching time of 5 min is the optimum for processing of custard apple peel.
ABSTRACT
A total of 2400 patients with pyrexia of unknown origin and or suspected leptospirosis were included in this study. Dark field microscopy detected Leptospira in 690 cases, Leptospira serological Investigations proved positive in 570 out of these 690 patients. Among them 212 had the classical icteric and the other 358 had anicteric type of presentation. Notably eptospira interrogans serovar ictero haemorrhagiae infection was encountered in 212 patients. In 30 patients, who had multi organ dysfunction which included renal failure, hepatic dysfunction or meningitis was due to Leptospira interrogans Serovar cannicola. Coexsistense of leptospirosis and hepatitis B virus infection were noted in 15 patients. Antibody to Leptospira interrogans was demonstrated by Micro agglutination test (MAT) in addition to dark field microscopy positivity in these cases. Similarly HIV antibody was demonstrated in 30 of the 330 anicteric patients. 554 out of 570 cases responded to intra venous penicillin (216), and oral Doxycycline (182) and Augmentin (156), and the remaining 16 patients succumbed to death.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Leptospira/classification , Leptospira interrogans/classification , Leptospirosis/drug therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Organ Failure/microbiology , Prevalence , Weil Disease/drug therapy , ZoonosesABSTRACT
An unusual manifestation of breast fusariosis was encountered in a 55-year-old female diabetic patient. Two fine needle aspirates (FNA) from the abscess were done at three days interval and they showed hyaline, septate, branched, fungal hyphae in 10% potassium hydroxide mount. Fungal infection was confirmed by demonstrating the fungal hyphae in the midst of lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils in Leishman stained smears. Culture of both FNAs yielded a heavy and pure growth of Fusarium solani. The patient responded to oral ketoconazole 200 mg once daily for 3 weeks. The breast fusariosis reported here is presumably the first case in India.